View source for Klorid

'''Klorid''' je sol [[klorovodikova kislina|klorovodikove kisline]] (HCl). Empirična formula iona je Cl<sup>-</sup> in ima naboj -1. Molska masa iona je 35,45 g/mol. Kloridi so praviloma dobro topni v vodi, izjeme so soli naslednjih kationov: Cu<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>, Tl<sup>+</sup>, Hg<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>.

== Dokaz iona ==
[[Srebrov nitrat]] (AgNO<sub>3</sub>) daje belo [[amorfen|amorfno]] [[oborina|oborino]], topno v 2N NH<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, KCN, netopno v dil. HNO<sub>3</sub>:

# Cl<sup>-</sup> + Ag<sup>+</sup> &harr; AgCl(s)
# AgCl(s) + 2NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) &harr; [Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup>-</sup>
# [Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup> + 2H<sup>+</sup> &harr; AgCl(s) + 2NH<sup>4+</sup>
#* Iz raztopine se po dodani HNO<sub>3</sub> zopet izloči bela oborina srebrovega klorida.


* AgCl + 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> &harr; [Ag(S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>3-</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup>
* AgCl + 2CN<sup>-</sup> &harr; [Ag(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup>

Obarjanje je značilno iz kisle raztopine (HNO<sub>3</sub>), ker dajejo tudi anioni SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>, [[karbonat|CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>]], C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, BO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> s srebrovim ionom bolj ali manj podobne oborine, ki pa so topne v razredčeni HNO<sub>3</sub>.

== Tabela topnosti ==
Topnost glede na temperaturo. Enota je g/100 g H<sub>2</sub>O pri pritisku 101,325 kPa (1 atm). '''x''' pomeni, da pri tisti temperaturi razpade.

{| {{wikitable}} class="sortable"
 ! Formula
 ! 0°C
 ! 10°C
 ! 20°C
 ! 30°C
 ! 40°C
 ! 50°C
 ! 60°C
 ! 70°C
 ! 80°C
 ! 90°C
 ! 100°C
 |-

 ! AlCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 43.9
 | 44.9
 | 45.8
 | 46.6
 | 47.3
 | 
 | 48.1
 | 
 | 48.6
 |
 | 49.0
 |-

 ! NH<sub>4</sub>Cl
 | 29.4
 | 33.2
 | 37.2
 | 41.4
 | 45.8
 | 50.4
 | 55.3
 | 60.2
 | 65.6
 | 71.2
 | 77.3
 |-

 ! BaCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 31.2
 | 33.5
 | 35.8
 | 38.1
 | 40.8
 | 
 | 46.2
 | 
 | 52.5
 | 55.8
 | 59.4
 |-

 
 ! BeCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 
 | 42
 | 42
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! CdCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 100
 | 135
 | 135
 | 135
 | 135
 | 
 | 136
 | 
 | 140
 | 
 | 147
 |- 

 ! CsCl
 | 146
 | 175
 | 187
 | 197
 | 208
 | 
 | 230
 | 
 | 250
 | 260
 | 271
 |- 

 ! CaCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 59.5
 | 64.7
 | 74.5
 | 100
 | 128
 | 
 | 137
 | 
 | 147
 | 154
 | 159
 |- 

 ! CeCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 
 | 
 | 100
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! CoCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 43.5
 | 47.7
 | 52.9
 | 59.7
 | 69.5
 | 
 | 93.8
 | 
 | 97.6
 | 101
 | 106
 |-

 ! CuCl
 | 
 | 
 | 9.9{{e|-3}}
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! CuCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 68.6
 | 70.9
 | 73
 | 77.3
 | 87.6
 | 
 | 96.5
 | 
 | 104
 | 108
 | 120
 |-

 ! AuCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 
 | 
 | 68
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! FeCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 49.7
 | 59
 | 62.5
 | 66.7
 | 70
 | 
 | 78.3
 | 
 | 88.7
 | 92.3
 | 94.9
 |-

 ! FeCl<sub>3</sub>&middot;6H<sub>2</sub>O
 | 74.4
 | 
 | 91.8
 | 107
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! PbCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 670{{e|-3}}
 | 820{{e|-3}}
 | 1
 | 1.2
 | 1.42
 | 
 | 1.94
 | 
 | 2.54
 | 2.88
 | 3.2
 |-

 ! LiCl
 | 69.2
 | 74.5
 | 83.5
 | 86.2
 | 89.8
 | 
 | 98.4
 | 
 | 112
 | 121
 | 128
 |-

 ! MgCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 52.9
 | 53.6
 | 54.6
 | 55.8
 | 57.5
 | 
 | 61
 | 
 | 66.1
 | 69.5
 | 73.3
 |-

 
 ! MnCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 63.4
 | 68.1
 | 73.9
 | 80.8
 | 88.5
 | 
 | 109
 | 
 | 113
 | 114
 | 115
 |-

 ! Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
 | 
 | 
 | 32.46{{e|-6}}
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! HgCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 3.63
 | 4.82
 | 6.57
 | 8.34
 | 10.2
 | 
 | 16.3
 | 
 | 30
 | 
 | 61.3
 |-

 ! NdCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 
 | 96.7
 | 98
 | 99.6
 | 102
 | 
 | 105
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! NiCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 53.4
 | 56.3
 | 66.8
 | 70.6
 | 73.2
 | 
 | 81.2
 | 
 | 86.6
 | 
 | 87.6
 |-

 ! KCl
 | 28
 | 31.2
 | 34.2
 | 37.2
 | 40.1
 | 
 | 45.8
 | 
 | 51.3
 | 53.9
 | 56.3
 |-

 ! PrCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 
 | 
 | 104
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! RbCl
 | 77
 | 84
 | 91
 | 98
 | 104
 | 
 | 115
 | 
 | 127
 | 133
 | 143
 |-

 ! SmCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 
 | 92.4
 | 93.4
 | 94.6
 | 96.9
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! AgCl
 | 
 | 
 | 192.3{{e|-6}}
 | 
 | 
 | 52{{e|-6}}
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! NaCl
 | 35.7
 | 35.8
 | 35.9
 | 36.1
 | 36.4
 | 
 | 37.1
 | 
 | 38
 | 38.5
 | 39.2
 |-

 ! SrCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 43.5
 | 47.7
 | 52.9
 | 58.7
 | 65.3
 | 
 | 81.8
 | 
 | 90.5
 | 
 | 101
 |-

 ! SnCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 84
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
 | 
 | 
 | 320
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! YCl<sub>3</sub>
 | 77.3
 | 78.1
 | 78.8
 | 79.6
 | 80.8
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-

 ! ZnCl<sub>2</sub>
 | 342
 | 353
 | 395
 | 437
 | 452
 | 
 | 488
 | 
 | 541
 | 
 | 614
 |-

|}

== Reference ==
* {{lazarini}}
* {{analskripta}}
[[Category:LEX]]