Etilendiamintetraocetna kislina
Povzeto po Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Vpliv na okolje
Abiotska razgradnja
Biorazgradnja
V mnogih čistilnih napravah za odpadne industrijske vode je mogoče z uporabo mikroorganizmov doseči okrog 80% odstranitev EDTA [37]. Stranska produkta, ki izhajata iz eliminacije EDTA, sta triacetat (ED3A) in iminodiocetna kislina (IDA) - kar nakazuje na to, da sta bili napadeni tako ogrodje molekule kot nanjo vezane acetilne funkcionalne skupine. Odkrili so celo, da nekateri mikroorganizmi tvorijo nitrate iz EDTA, vendar slednji delujejo optimalno zgolj pri zmerno alkalnih pogojih, pri pH 9.0 - 9.5 [38].
Več sevov bakterij, izoliranih iz čistilnih naprav, učinkovito razgrajuje EDTA. Med te sodijo specifični sevi rodu Agrobacterium radiobacter ATCC 55002 [39] in podveje sevov Pseudomonadota, kot so BNC1, BNC2 [40] in sev DSM 9103 [41]. Ti trije sevi imajo podobne lastnosti aerobnega dihanja in jih uvrščamo med gram-negativne bakterije. Za razliko od fotolize, razgradnja kelatiranih zvrsti ni omejena na železo(III) za razgradnjo EDTA. Bolje rečeno, vsak sev ima edinstveno sposobnost prek večih encimskih poti razgraditi različne komplekse kovina-EDTA. Sev Agrobacterium radiobacter je zmožen razgraditi samo železove(III) EDTA komplekse [40], medtem ko slednjega bakterijska seva BNC1 in DSM 9103 ne moreta razgraditi, sta pa primernejša za razgradnjo kalcijevih, barijevih, magnezijevih in manganovih(II) kompleksov z EDTA [42]. Pred razgradnjo kovinskih kompleksov z EDTA je nujno potrebna disociacija.
Alternative EDTA
Zanimanje za okoljsko varnost je sprožilo pomisleke glede biološke razgradljivosti aminopolikarboksilatov, kot je EDTA. Ti pomisleki spodbujajo raziskovanje alternativnih aminopolikarboksilatov [34]. Kandidati za primerne kelate vključujejo nitriloocetno kislino (NTA), iminodisukcinsko kislino (IDS), poliasparaginsko kislino, S,S-etilendiamin-N,N'-disukcinsko kislino (EDDS), metilglicindiocetno kislino (MGDA) in L-glutaminsko kislino N,N-diocetne kisline, tetranatrijeva sol (GLDA) [43].
Iminodisukcinska kislina (IDS)
Iminodisukcinska kislina (IDS), ki se komercialno uporablja vse od leta 1998, se razgradi po biološki poti za okoli 80% že po zgolj 7 dneh. Poleg tega se izjemno dobro veže na kalcij in tvori stabilne spojine tudi z drugimi ioni težkih kovin. Poleg manjše toksičnosti po kelaciji iminodisukcinsko kislino uspešno razgrajuje sev bakterij Agrobacterium tumefaciens (BY6), ki jo je mogoče gojiti velikem obsegu. Vključena encima, IDS epimeraza in C-N liaza, ne potrebujeta nobenih kofaktorjev [44].
Poliasparaginska kislina
Poliasparaginska kislina se tako kot iminodisukcinska kislina veže na kalcij in druge ione težkih kovin. Odlikujejo jo številne praktične aplikacije, deluje lahko kot zaviralec korozije, dodatek za odpadne vode in polimer za aplikacije v kmetijstvu. Detergent za pranje perila na osnovi poliasparaginske kisline je bil prvi detergent za pranje perila na svetu, ki je prejel ekološki znak rože EU (EU flower) [45]. Sposobnost poliasparaginske kisline, da veže kalcij, je bila izkoriščena za usmerjanje nanonosilcev, založenih z zdravili, do kosti.[46] Priprava hidrogelov na osnovi poliasparaginske kisline v različnih fizičnih oblikah, od vlaken do delcev, lahko potencialno omogoči enostavno ločevanje keliranih ionov iz raztopine [47]. Kljub temu, da je poliasparaginska kislina šibkejša od EDTA, jo lahko zaradi teh lastnosti, pa tudi zaradi biokompatibilnosti in biorazgradljivosti, še vedno obravnavamo kot uporabno alternativo [48].
S,S-etilendiamin-N,N'-disukcinska kislina (EDDS)
Strukturni izomer EDTA, etilendiamin-N,N'-disukcinska kislina (EDDS), se v svoji S,S obliki zlahka biološko razgradi [49].
Metilglicindiocetna kislina (MGDA)
Trinatrijev dikarboksimetil alaninat, znan tudi kot metilglicindiocetna kislina (MGDA), ima visoko stopnjo biološke razgradnje pri več kot 68 %, vendar se za razliko od mnogih drugih kelatnih sredstev lahko razgradi brez pomoči prilagojenih bakterij. Poleg tega lahko MGDA za razliko od EDDS ali IDS prenese višje temperature, hkrati pa ohranja visoko stabilnost v celotnem območju pH. Izkazalo se je, da je MGDA učinkovito kelatno sredstvo s sposobnostjo mobilizacije, ki je primerljiva z zmogljivostjo nitrilotriocetne kisline (NTA). Učinkovito deluje pri nanosu na vodo za industrijsko uporabo in pri odstranjevanju kalcijevega oksalata iz urina bolnikov z ledvičnimi kamni [50].
Metode detekcije in analize
Najobčutljivejša metoda zaznavanja in merjenja EDTA v bioloških vzorcih je masna spektrometrija s kapilarno elektroforezo s spremljanjem izbrane reakcije (SRM-CE/MS), ki ima v človeški plazmi mejo detekcije 7,3 ng/mL in mejo določljivosti 15 ng/mL. Ta metoda deluje pri zelo majhnih volumnih vzorcev, saj potrebujemo le 7–8 nL vzorca [51].
EDTA so izmerili tudi v brezalkoholnih pijačah s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) na ravni 2,0 μg/mL [52,53].
V popularni kulturi
V filmu Blade (1998) se EDTA uporablja kot orožje za ubijanje vampirjev, ki eksplodira ob stiku z vampirsko krvjo [54].
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